| Hormone Name |
Secreting Gland or Tissue |
Chemical Nature |
Target |
Chemical Structure |
Description |
| Oxytocin |
Hypothalamus
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Uterus
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Oxytocin is a mammalian hormone that in
women is released mainly after stimulation of the nipples or distention
of the vagina and that facilitates birth and breastfeeding. It is also
released during orgasm in both sexes. In the brain, it acts as a
neurotransmitter and is involved in bonding and the formation of trust
between people. |
| Antidiuretic Hormone |
Hypothalamus
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Kidneys
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as
argipressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a human hormone that is
mainly released when the body is low on water; it causes the kidneys to
conserve water by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume. It
has also various functions in the brain and blood vessels. |
| Thyrotropin |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Glycoprotein
[ more
detail... ] |
Thyroid
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: Joost Van Durme, Glycoprotein-hormone Receptor Information
System (http://gris.ulb.ac.be/)
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known
as TSH or thyrotropin) is a hormone synthesised and secreted by
thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland which regulates the
endocrine function of the thyroid gland. TSH stimulates the thyroid
gland to secrete the hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
The production of TSH is inhibited by the production of somatostatin by
the hypothalamus. T3 and T4 also inhibit TSH production and secretion,
creating a regulatory negative feedback loop.In the figure pink = TSH
receptor extracellular domain, green = Beta subunit of TSH hormone,
blue = Alpha subunit of TSH hormone. |
| Adrenocorticotropin |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Polypeptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Adrenal Cortex
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH or
corticotropin) is a polypeptide hormone synthesised (from POMC,
pre-opiomelanocortin) and secreted from corticotropes in the anterior
lobe of the pituitary gland in response to the hormone
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) released by the hypothalamus. It
consists of 39 amino acids. |
| Luteinizing Hormone |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Glycoprotein
[ more
detail... ] |
Gonads
[ more
detail... ] |
|
Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a hormone
synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland. It is one of the gonadotropins, which are necessary
for proper sexual function, the other being follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH). |
| Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Glycoprotein
[ more
detail... ] |
Gonads
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: Protein Data Bank
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is a
hormone synthesised and secreted by gonadotropes in the anterior
pituitary gland. In the ovary FSH stimulates the growth of immature
Graafian follicles to maturation. As the follicle grows it releases
inhibin, which shuts off the FSH production. In men, FSH enhances the
production of androgen-binding protein by the Sertoli cells of the
testes and is critical for spermatogenesis. |
| Growth Hormone |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Protein
[ more
detail... ] |
Bones
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: Protein Data Bank
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Growth hormone is a polypeptide hormone
synthesised and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland which
stimulates growth and cell reproduction in humans and other vertebrate
animals. |
| Prolactin |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Protein
[ more
detail... ] |
Mammary Glands
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: Protein Data Bank |
Prolactin is a peptide hormone
synthesised and secreted by lactotrope cells in the adenohypophysis
(anterior pituitary gland). It is also produced in other tissues
including the breast and the decidua. Pituitary prolactin secretion is
regulated by neuroendocrine neurons in the hypothalamus, most
importantly by neurosecretory dopamine neurons of the arcuate nucleus,
which inhibit prolactin secretion. |
| Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Melanocytes
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is a
peptide hormone produced by cells in the intermediate lobe of the
pituitary gland. It stimulates the production and release of melanin
(melanogenesis) by melanocytes in skin and hair. MSH is also produced
by a subpopulation of neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the
hypothalamus. MSH released into the brain by these neurons has effects
on appetite and sexual arousal. |
| Thyroxine |
Thyroid
[ more
detail... ] |
Iodinated Amino Acid Derivative
[ more
detail... ] |
Many Tissues (Thyronines)
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
The thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and
triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the
thyroid gland. An important component in the synthesis is iodine. The
major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4). This is
converted to the active T3 within cells by deiodinases. These are
further processed by decarboxylation and deiodination to produce
iodothyronamine (T1a) and thyronamine (T0a). |
| Calcitonin |
Thyroid
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Bones
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid polypeptide
hormone that is produced in humans primarily by the C cells of the
thyroid, and in many other animals in the ultimobranchial body. |
| Parathyroid Hormone |
Parathyroid
[ more
detail... ] |
Protein
[ more
detail... ] |
Bones
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: Protein Data Bank
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted by
the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids. It
acts to increase the concentration of calcium in the blood, whereas
calcitonin (a hormone produced by the thyroid gland) acts to decrease
calcium concentration. |
| Thymosins |
Thymus
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
White blood cells
[ more
detail... ] |
|
Thymosin is a chemical that functions in
the preprocessing of T cells and development of B cells to plasma cells
to produce antibodies. |
| Insulin |
Pancreas
[ more
detail... ] |
Protein
[ more
detail... ] |
Muscles
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: Protein Data Bank
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Insulin (from Latin insula, 'island', as
it is produced in the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) is a
polypeptide hormone that regulates carbohydrate metabolism. Apart from
being the primary effector in carbohydrate homeostasis, it also has a
substantial effect on small vessel muscle tone, controls storage and
release of fat (triglycerides) and cellular uptake of both amino acids
and some electrolytes. |
| Glucagon |
Pancreas
[ more
detail... ] |
Protein
[ more
detail... ] |
Liver
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: Protein Data Bank
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide
acting as an important hormone in carbohydrate metabolism. The hormone
is synthesized and secreted from alpha cells of the Islets of
Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
The alpha cells are located in the outer rim of the islet. |
| Somatostatin |
Pancreas
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Digestive Tract
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Somatostatin is a hormone comprising two
peptides, one built of 14 amino acids, the other of 28 amino acids.
Somatostatin is classified as an inhibitory hormone, whose main actions
are to inhibit the release of growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH), and gastrointestinal hormones. It lowers the rate of
gastric emptying, and reduces smooth muscle contractions and blood flow
within the intestine. It suppresses the release of pancreatic hormones
insulin and glucagon. |
| Epinephrine |
Adrenal Medulla
[ more
detail... ] |
Modified Amino Acid
[ more
detail... ] |
Heart
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Epinephrine (INN), sometimes spelled
'epinephrin' or 'adrenalin' respectively, is a hormone and a
neurotransmitter. The Latin roots ad-+renes and the Greek roots
epi-+nephros both literally mean 'on/to the kidney' (referring to the
adrenal gland, which secretes epinephrine). Epinephrine plays a central
role in the short-term stress reaction -the physiological response to
threatening or exciting conditions (fight-or-flight response). |
| Norepinephrine |
Adrenal Medulla
[ more
detail... ] |
Modified Amino Acid
[ more
detail... ] |
Heart
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Norepinephrine (INN) or noradrenaline
(BAN) is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine with chemical formula
C8H11NO3. The natural stereoisomer is L-(-)-(R)-norepinephrine. It is
released from the adrenal glands as a hormone into the blood, but it is
also a neurotransmitter in the nervous system where it is released from
noradrenergic neurons during synaptic transmission. As a stress
hormone, it affects parts of the human brain where attention and
impulsivity are controlled. Along with epinephrine, this compound
effects the fight-or-flight response, activating the sympathetic
nervous system to directly increase heart rate, release energy from
fat, and increase muscle readiness. |
| Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) |
Adrenal Cortex
[ more
detail... ] |
Steroid
[ more
detail... ] |
Muscles
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Glucocorticoids are a class of steroid
hormones characterised by an ability to bind with the cortisol receptor
and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids are distinguished from
mineralocorticoids and sex steroids by the specific receptors, target
cells, and effects. Technically, the term corticosteroid refers to both
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, but is often used as a synonym
for glucocorticoid. |
| Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone) |
Adrenal Cortex
[ more
detail... ] |
Steroid
[ more
detail... ] |
Kidneys
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Mineralocorticoids is a class of steroids
characterised by their similarity to aldosterone and their influence on
salt and water metabolism. The only endogenous mineralocorticoid is
aldosterone, although a number of hormones (mainly progesterone) have
mineralocorticoid function. Aldosterone acts on the kidneys to provide
active reabsorption of sodium and an associated passive reabsorption of
water, as well as, the active secretion of potassium in the principle
cells of the cortical collecting tubule and active secretion of protons
via proton ATPases in the lumenal membrane of the intercalated cells of
the collecting tubule. |
| Gastrin |
Stomach Lining
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Stomach
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates
secretion of gastric acid by the stomach. It is released by G cells in
the stomach and duodenum. |
| Secretin |
Lining of Small Intestine
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Pancreas
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in
the S cells of the duodenum. It is secreted in response to low duodenal
pH, and stimulates the secretion of bicarbonate from the liver,
pancreas, and duodenal Brunner's glands. It also reduces acid secretion
from the stomach by inhibiting gastrin release from G cells. This helps
neutralize the pH of the digestive products entering the duodenum from
the stomach, as enzymes from the pancreas (eg, pancreatic amylase and
pancreatic lipase) function optimally at neutral pH. |
| Cholecystokinin |
Lining of Small Intestine
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Pancreas
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Cholecystokinin (from Greek chole, bile;
cysto, sac; kinin, move; hence, move the bile-sac (gall bladder)) is a
peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for
stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. Cholecystokinin (CCK,
previously pancreozymin) is secreted by the duodenum, the first segment
of the small intestine, and causes the release of digestive enzymes and
bile from the pancreas and gall bladder, respectively. It also acts as
a hunger suppresant. Recent evidence has suggested it plays a major
role in inducing drug tolerance to opioids like morphine and heroin,
and is partly responsible for the pain hypersensitivity often
experienced during opioid withdrawal. |
| Enterogastrone |
Lining of Small Intestine
[ more
detail... ] |
Polypeptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Stomach
[ more
detail... ] |
|
Inhibits digestion. |
| Melatonin |
Pineal Gland
[ more
detail... ] |
Modified Amino Acid
[ more
detail... ] |
Hypothalamus
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Melatonin, 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine,
is a hormone found in all living creatures that have been studied from
algae to humans, at levels that vary in a diurnal cycle. In higher
animals melatonin is produced by pinealocytes in the pineal gland
(located in the brain) and also by the retina and GI tract. It is
naturally synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan (derived from
serotonin) by the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase. It is
referred to by some biochemists and human physiologists as the master
hormone, because it regulates the production of most human hormones,
both paracrine and endocrine. |
| Estrogens (Estradiol) |
Ovaries
[ more
detail... ] |
Steroid
[ more
detail... ] |
Uterus
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Estrogens (also oestrogens) are a group
of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the oestrus cycle,
functioning as the primary female sex hormone. While estrogens are
present in both men and women, they are usually present at
significantly higher levels in women of reproductive age. They promote
the development of female secondary sex characteristics, such as
breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and
other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. Follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) regulate the production of
estrogen in ovulating women. |
| Progesterone |
Ovaries
[ more
detail... ] |
Steroid
[ more
detail... ] |
Uterus
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Progesterone is a C-21 steroid hormone
involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy (supports gestation)
and embryogenesis of humans and other species. Progesterone belongs to
a class of hormones called progestagens, and is the major naturally
occurring human progestagen. |
| Androgens (testosterone) |
Testes
[ more
detail... ] |
Steroid
[ more
detail... ] |
Many Tissues (Testosterone)
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Androgen is the generic term for any
natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, that
stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine
characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This
includes the activity of the accessory male sex organs and development
of male secondary sex characteristics. Androgens, which were first
discovered in 1936, are also called androgenic hormones or testoids.
Androgens are also the original anabolic steroids. They are also the
precursor of all estrogens, the female sex hormones. The primary and
most well-known androgen is testosterone. |
| Prostaglandins |
Many Tissues (Secreting Prostaglandins)
[ more
detail... ] |
Modified Fatty Acids
[ more
detail... ] |
Many Tissues (Prostaglandin Targets)
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
A prostaglandin is any member of a group
of lipid compounds that are derived from fatty acids and have important
functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon
atoms, including a 5-carbon ring. They are mediators and have a variety
of strong physiological effects; although they are technically
hormones, they are rarely classified as such. |
| Atrial Natriuretic Hormone |
Heart
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Kidneys
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), atrial
natriuretic peptide (ANP) or atriopeptin, is a peptide hormone involved
in the homeostatic control of body water and sodium. It is released by
atrial monocytes, cells in the atria of the heart, in response to
signals of raised blood pressure and acts to reduce this. |
| Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) |
Skin
[ more
detail... ] |
Sterol
[ more
detail... ] |
Bones
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble steroid
hormone precursor that contributes to the maintenance of normal levels
of calcium and phosphorus in the bloodstream. It is not precisely
correct to describe it as a vitamin, but it might best be described as
a conditional vitamin since human skin can manufacture it in some
circumstances. It is also known as calciferol. The most active form of
the vitamin is calcitriol, a potent steroid hormone. Calcitriol is
synthesized from calcidiol in the kidneys to perform its endocrine
function of maintaining the calcium economy. |
| Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) |
Hypothalamus
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: Protein Data Bank
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is a
tripeptide hormone that stimulates the release of TSH and prolactin by
the anterior pituitary. TRH is produced by the hypothalamus and travels
across the median eminence to the pituitary via the pituitary portal
system. |
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
Hypothalamus
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1)
is a peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the
anterior pituitary. GNRH1 is synthesized and released by the
hypothalamus. |
| Prolactin Releasing-Inhibiting Hormone
(Dopamine) |
Hypothalamus
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Dopamine is a chemical naturally produced
in the body. In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter,
activating dopamine receptors. Dopamine is also a neurohormone released
by the hypothalamus. Its main function as a hormone is to inhibit the
release of prolactin from the anterior lobe of the pituitary. |
| Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) |
Hypothalamus
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
|
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH),
also known as growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF or GHRF), is a
44-amino acid peptide hormone produced in the arcuate nucleus of the
hypothalamus. GHRH is released from neurosecretory nerve terminals of
these arcuate neurons, and is carried by the hypothalamo-hypophysial
portal circulation to the anterior pituitary gland where it stimulates
growth hormone (GH) secretion. GHRH also stimulates the production of
GH. |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
Hypothalamus
[ more
detail... ] |
Peptide
[ more
detail... ] |
Anterior Pituitary
[ more
detail... ] |
Source: PubChem
Explore
Structure with Jmol |
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH),
originally named corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and also called
corticoliberin, is a polypeptide hormone involved in the stress
response. |
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}
){kind=link}